The last boson, called the Higgs boson, is special and plays a very important role in the Standard Model. Other force-carrying bosons include the three carriers of the weak nuclear force (called the W+, W- and Z bosons) and the eight carriers of the strong nuclear force, called gluons, according to the DOE. The most commonly known boson is the photon, the force carrier of the electromagnetic force. On the other hand, bosons can share the same energy state. The up and down quarks are the lightest and most stable, and they bind together in triplets to form protons and neutrons. In addition to these six leptons, there are quarks, which come in six types, or "flavors": up, down, charm, strange, top and bottom. So there are the electron-neutrinos, muon-neutrinos and tau-neutrinos. Neutrinos are ultralight particles that rarely interact with matter but are generated in nuclear reactions. These two particles have the exact same properties as the electron but are more massive.Įach of these leptons is paired with a corresponding neutrino. The leptons include the familiar electron, as well as its heavier cousins the muon and the tau. There are two kinds of fermions: leptons, which respond to the electromagnetic and weak nuclear forces, and quarks, which respond to the strong nuclear force. Fermions are the "building blocks" of ordinary matter, which combine in different ways to form some of the well-known subatomic particles, such as protons, electrons and neutrons Roughly speaking, fermions cannot share the same quantum state (e.g., the same energy level inside an atom). The Standard Model organizes the subatomic world into two broad categories of particles, known as fermions and bosons, according to the University of Tennessee, Knoxville. (Image credit: Karl Tate, Infographics Artist) Infographic showing the subatomic particles of the Standard Model.
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